Advance Search
Volume 8 Issue 4
. 
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  International Journal of Disaster Risk Science  > 2017  >  8(4): 415-434
Abdelheq Guettiche, Philippe Guéguen, Mostefa Mimoune. Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2017, 8(4): 415-434. doi: 10.1007/s13753-017-0153-6
Citation: Abdelheq Guettiche, Philippe Guéguen, Mostefa Mimoune. Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2017, 8(4): 415-434. doi: 10.1007/s13753-017-0153-6
shu

Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria

doi: 10.1007/s13753-017-0153-6

  • 1 Centre Universitaire Abdelhafid Boussouf, Mila 43000, Algeria;

  • 2 Civil Engineering Department, Université des Frères Mentouri, Constantine 25017, Algeria;

  • 3 Institut des Sciences de la Terre(ISTerre), Université de Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, IFSTTAR, 38058 Grenoble, France

Funds:

The MAIF Foundation supported this work. Institute nationale de la statistique et des études économique (INSEE-National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) data were prepared and provided by the Centre Maurice Halbwachs (CMH). This study was sponsored by the Urban Seismology project at the Institute of Earth Science ISTerre of the University of GrenobleAlpes and by a grant from the Observatoire des Sciences de Univers de Grenoble (The Grenoble Observatory for Sciences of the Universe-Labex OSUG@2020) (Investissements d'avenir, ANR10-LABX56). We thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive remarks and comments and the editors of the journal for the editing work.

  • Available Online: 2021-04-26
    Abstract
  • In this study, loss estimation models were developed for reasonably accurate assessment of economic and human losses from seismic events in the Mediterranean region, based on damage assessment at an urban scale. Data were compiled from existing worldwide databases, and completed with earthquake information from regional studies. Economic data were converted to a single common currency unit (2015 USD value) and the wealth of the areas affected by 65 earthquakes of the region from 1900 to 2015 was assessed. Reduced-form models were used to determine economic and human losses, with earthquake magnitude and intensity as hazard-related variables, and gross domestic product of the affected area and the affected population as exposure-related variables. Damage to buildings was also used as a hazard-related variable to predict economic and human losses. Finally, site-specific regression models were proposed for economic and human losses due to earthquakes in the Mediterranean region, and more specifically, in Algeria. We show that by introducing the damage variable into the models, prediction error can be reduced, and that accuracy of loss model estimation is site dependent and requires regional data on earthquake losses to improve. A case study for Constantine, Algeria shows the improvements needed for increased accuracy.
    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(95)
  • AFPS (Association Française de Génie Parasismique). 2003. Preliminary report of the survey done after the Algerian, 21/05/2003 earthquake (Rapport préliminaire de la mission du séisme du 21 mai 2003 en Algérie). http://www.afps-seisme.org/Publications/Rapports-de-missions/Algerie-2003/. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Akoglu, A.M., A.Z. Cakir, M. Meghraoui, S. Belabbes, S.O. El Alami, S. Ergintav, and H.S. Akyüz. 2006. The 1994-2004 Al Hoceima (Morocco) earthquake sequence:Conjugate fault ruptures deduced from InSAR. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 252(3):467-480.
    El Alami, S.O., B. Tadili, L.A. Brahim, and I. Mouayn. 2004. Seismicity of Morocco for the period 1987-1994. Pure and Applied Geophysics 161(5-6):969-982.
    Altinok, Y., B. Alpar, N. Özer, and C. Gazioglu. 2005. 1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis. Natural Hazards Earth System Science 5(5):717-725.
    Armenian, H.K., A. Melkonian, E.K. Noji, and A.P. Hovanesian. 1997. Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia:A cohort approach. International Journal of Epidemiology 26(4):806-813.
    Ayadi, A., and M. Bezzeghoud. 2015. Seismicity of Algeria from 1365 to 2013:Maximum observed intensity map (MOI2014). Seismological Research Letters 86(1):1-9.
    Ayadi, A., F. Ousadou-Ayadi, S. Bourouis, and H. Benhallou. 2002. Seismotectonics and seismic quietness of the Oranie region (western Algeria):The Mascara earthquake of August 18th 1994, Mw=5.7, Ms=6.0. Journal of Seismology 6(1):13-23.
    Aydan, O., R. Ulusay, H. Kumsar, and E. Tuncay, 2000. Site investigation and engineering evaluation of the Duzce-Bolu earthquake of November 12, 1999. Technical report, Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 09-51. http://www.turkiyedepremvakfi.org.tr/pdf/deprem_raporlari_sirali/TDV-DR_09-51.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Aysan, F.Y. 1984. The Erzurum-Kars earthquake of Eastern Turkey (1983). Disasters 8(1):21-32.
    Azzouz, H., and B. Rebzani. 2005. Practices of post-seismic evaluation of buildings from El Asnam 1954 to Boumerdes 2003 earthquakes (Evaluation des interventions post-sismiques sur les constructions, D'El-Asnam 1954 à Boumerdès 2003). Report CTC Chlef, Algerie (in French).
    Azzouz, H. 2002. History of the 10/10/1980 Chlef (El Asnam) earthquake (Historique du séisme de Chlef, ex-El Asnam du 10/10/1980). In 3ème forum des assurances sur les CAT-NAT, El-Aurassi, 13-15 October 2002, 120-137 (in French).
    Badal, J., M. Vázquez-Prada, and A. González. 2005. Preliminary quantitative assessment of earthquake casualties and damages. Natural Hazards 34(3):353-374.
    Baratta, M. 1910. The Calabrian seismic catastrophe of Messina (December 28, 1908) (La catastrofe sismica calabro messinese (28 dicembre 1908)). Relazione alla Società Geografica Italiana, 2 vol., Roma (riproduzione integrale nel DVD-Rom allegato a Il terremoto e il maremoto del 28 dicembre 1908). INGV resources. https://ingvterremoti.wordpress.com/2015/12/28/i-terremoti-del-900-la-catastrofe-sismica-del-28-dicembre-1908/. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Barbano, M.S., R. Azzaro, and D.E. Grasso. 2005. Earthquake damage scenarios and seismic hazard of Messina, north-eastern Sicily (Italy) as inferred from historical data. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 9(6):805-830
    Barka, A. 1999. The 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake. Science 285(5435):1858-1859
    Benouar, D. 1994. Material for the investigation of the seismicity of Algeria and adjacent region during the twentieth century. Annals of Geophysics 37(4):860.
    Benson, C., and J. Twigg. 2004. Measuring mitigation:Methodologies for assessing natural hazard risks and the net benefits of mitigation-A scoping study. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies/the ProVention Consortium. http://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/1065. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Bertero, V., and H. Shah. 1983. El-Asnam, Algeria, earthquake of October 10, 1980:A reconnaissance and engineering report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/algeria_el_asnam_eeri_preliminary_report_1.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Berz, G., and E. Hettler. 1981. Earthquakes in Greece, Februray/March 1981. EERI report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Greece_AlcionidesIsles_Berz&Hettler_Nov81.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Bird, J.F., and J.J. Bommer. 2004. Earthquake losses due to ground failure. Engineering Geology 75(2):147-179.
    Bommer, J., R. Spence, M. Erdik, S. Tabuchi, N. Aydinoglu, E. Booth, D. del Re, and O. Peterken. 2002. Development of an earthquake loss model for Turkish catastrophe insurance. Journal of Seismology 6(3):431-446.
    Brookshire, D., S. Chang, H. Cochrane, R. Olson, A. Rose, and J. Steenson. 1997. Direct and indirect economic losses from earthquake damage. Earthquake Spectra 13(4):683-701.
    CATDAT (Damaging earthquake database). 2016. Earthquake-Report.com. http://earthquake-report.com/. Accessed Jul 2016.
    CGS (National Center for Applied Research in Earthquake Engineering). 2000. The 1999/12/22 Ain-Temouchent earthquake (Séisme de Ain-Temouchent du 22 décembre 1999). Report n°2, Centre National de Recherche Appliquée en Génie Parasismique (CGS), Algier (Algeria) (in French).
    Cha, L.S. 1998. Assessment of global seismic loss based on macroeconomic indicators. Natural Hazards 17(3):269-283.
    Chen, Q.F., Y. Chen, and L. Chen. 1997. Earthquake loss estimation with GDP and population data. Acta Seimologica Sinica 10(4):791-800.
    Chen, Y., Q.F. Chen, and L. Chen. 2001. Vulnerability analysis in earthquake loss estimate. Natural Hazards 23(2-3):349-364.
    Cherkaoui, T., and M. Harnafi. 2004. Field survey from the 3rd to 7th March 2004 (Rapport préliminaire de mission du 3 au 7 mars 2004). Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Département de Physique du Globe. http://ashabarter.free.fr/Basedocuments/SeismeAlHoceima.pdf. Accessed 28 Nov 2017.
    Clerc, D. 1975. Economics of Algeria (Economie de l'Algérie). Ministère de l'intérieur, France (in French).
    Coburn, A., and R. Spence. 2002. Earthquake protection, 2nd edn. Chichester:John Wiley & Sons.
    Daniell, J.E., B. Khazai, F. Wenzel, and A. Venvaeck. 2011. The CATDAT damaging earthquakes database. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 11(8):2235-2251.
    Daniell, J.E., A. Vervaeck, and F. Wenzel. 2010. The cost of historic earthquakes today-Economic analysis since 1900 through the use of CATDAT. In Proceedings of Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2010 Conference, 26-28 November 2010, Perth, Western Australia.
    Dunbar, P., R. Bilham, and M. Laituri. 2002. Earthquake loss estimation for India based on macroeconomic indicators. In Risk science and sustainability:Science for reduction of risk and sustainable development of society, ed. T. Beer, and A. Ismail-Zadeh, 163-180. Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    D'Ayala, D., R. Spence, C.S. Oliveira, and A. Pomonis. 1997. Earthquake loss estimation for Europe's historic town centres. Earthquake Spectra 13(4):773-793.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 2012. The Mw 7.1 Erciş-Van, Turkey earthquake of October 23, 2011. EERI Special earthquake report. https://www.eeri.org/wp-content/uploads/Van_Turkey_eq-report.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 1986. The September 13, 1986 earthquake-Kalamata, Greece. EERI special earthquake report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Greece_Kalamata_Insert_Oct86.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 1992. The Cairo, Egypt, earthquake of October 12, 1992. EERI special report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Egypt_Cairo_Insert_Dec92.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 1995. The Egion, Greece, earthquake of June 15, 1995. EERI special report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Greece_Egion_Insert_Jul95.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 1998. Turkish earthquakes:Two reports; lessons from Adana-Ceyhan quake and Dinar aftershock. EERI special earthquake report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Turkey_Adana_Ceyhan_Insert_Sep98.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 1999. The Athens, Greece, earthquake of September 7, 1999. EERI newsletter. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/Greece_Athens_Article_Oct99.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 2003. Preliminary observations on the October 31-November 1, 2002 Molise, Italy, earthquake sequence. EERI special earthquake report. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/italy_molise_eeri_report.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    EERI (Earthquake Engineering Research Institute). 2004. Preliminary observations on the Al Hoceima, Morocco, Earthquake of February 24, 2004. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/morocco_alhoceimaeeripreliminary_report.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Erdik, M. 1984. Report on the Turkish earthquake of October 30, 1983. Earthquake Spectra 1(1):151-172.
    Erdik, M., K. Sesetyan, M.B. Demircioglu, U. Hancilar, and C. Zulfikar. 2011. Rapid earthquake loss assessment after damaging earthquakes. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31(2):247-266.
    FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2016. Hazus-MH MR5 earthquake loss estimation methodology. Technical and user's manual. Washington, DC:Federal Emergency Management Agency. http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/hazus. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Ferrer, M., L.G. de Vallejo, J.C. García, A. Rodríguez, and H. Estévez. 2004. Seismic and flood risk evaluation in Spain from historical data. In Engineering geology for infrastructure planning in Europe:A European perspective, ed. R. Hack, R. Azzam, and R. Charlier, 727-737. Berlin:Springer.
    Goretti, A., and G. Di Pasquale. 2002. An overview of post-earthquake damage assessment in Italy. EERI workshop on an action plan to develop earthquake damage and loss data protocols, 19-20 September 2002, Pasadena, California. https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/italy_molise_goretti_pasadena_paper.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Guettiche, A., P. Guéguen, and M. Mimoune. 2017. Seismic vulnerability assessment of a typical Algerian urbanization using association rule learning-Application to the city of Constantine, Algeria. Natural Hazards 86(3):1223-1245.
    Guha-Sapir, D., R. Below, and P. Hoyois. 2016. EM-DAT:International disaster database. Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium. http://www.emdat.be. Accessed Mar 2016.
    Guéguen, P., H. Yepes, and I. Riedel. 2016. On the value of earthquake scenario:The Kathmandu recent lesson. Frontiers in Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2015.00026.
    Guéguen, P. 2013. Seismic vulnerability of structures. Civil Engineering and geomechanics series. Hoboken, US:Wiley-ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education).
    Hatzfeld, D., V. Karakostas, M. Ziazia, G. Selvaggi, S. Leborgne, C. Berge, R. Guiguet, A. Paul, P. Voidomatis, D. Diagnourtas, I. Kassaras, et al. 1997. The Kozani-Grevena (Greece) earthquake of 13 May 1995 revisited from a detailed seismological study. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87(2):463-473.
    Heatwole, N., and A. Rose. 2013. A reduced-form rapid economic consequence estimating model:Application to property damage from US earthquakes. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 4(1):20-32.
    Holzer, T.L., and J.C. Savage. 2013. Global earthquake fatalities and population. Earthquake Spectra 29(1):155-175.
    JAEE (Japan Association of Earthquake Engineering). 2004. Boumerdes earthquake, May 21, 2003. Japanese Reconnaissance Team, Japan Association of Earthquake Engineering report, 151 pp. http://www.jsce.or.jp/library/eq_repo/Vol2/04/algeriareport.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Jackson, J. 2006. Fatal attraction:Living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 364(1845):1911-1925.
    Jaiswal, K.S., and D.J. Wald. 2010. An empirical model for global earthquake fatality estimation. Earthquake Spectra 26(4):1017-1037.
    Jaiswal, K.S., and D.J. Wald. 2013. Estimating economic losses from earthquakes using an empirical approach. Earthquake Spectra 29(1):309-324.
    Jaiswal, K.S., D.J. Wald, P.S. Earle, K.A. Porter, and M. Hearne. 2011. Earthquake casualty models within the USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) system. In Human casualties in earthquakes, Series Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, ed. R. Spence, E. So, and C. Scawthorn, 83-94. Dordrecht:Springer.
    KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute). 2014. Earthquake report, 24 May 2014 northern Aegean Sea. KOERI report. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/KOERI_Press_Bulletin_NAn_EQ_24May2014_v7.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Kappos, A.J., G. Panagopoulos, C. Panagiotopoulos, and G. Penelis, 2006. A hybrid method for the vulnerability assessment of R/C and URM buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4(4):391-413.
    Laouami, N., A. Slimani, Y. Bouhadad, J.-L. Chatelain, and A. Nour. 2006. Evidence for fault-related directionality and localized site effects from strong-motion recordings of the 2003 Boumerdes (Algeria) earthquake:Consequences on damage distribution and the Algerian seismic code. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 26(11):991-1003.
    Maddison, A. 2006. The world economy:A millennial perspective. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
    Maouche, S., A. Harbi, and M. Meghraoui. 2008. Attenuation of intensity for the Zemmouri earthquake of 21 May 2003 (Mw 6.8):Insights for the seismic hazard and historical earthquake sources in northern Algeria. In Historical seismology:Interdisciplinary studies of past and recent earthquakes, ed. J. Fréchet, M. Meghraoui, and M. Stucchi, 327-350. Dordrecht:Springer.
    Martínez-Díaz, J.J., M. Bejar-Pizarro, J.A. Álvarez-Gómez, F. de Lis Mancilla, D. Stich, G. Herrera, and J. Morales. 2012. Tectonic and seismic implications of an intersegment rupture:The damaging May 11th 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca, Spain earthquake. Tectonophysics 546:28-37.
    Minami, K. 1965. Relocation and reconstruction of the town of Brace, Cyrenaica, Libya damaged by the earthquake of 21 February 1963. UNESCO report, WS/0865.76-AVS, Paris. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000077/007706EB.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Mitchell, A.W. 1976. Reconstruction after disaster:The Gediz earthquake of 1970. Geographical Review 66(3):296-313.
    Molina, S., D.H. Lang, C.D. Lindholm, and F. Lingvall. 2010. User manual for the earthquake loss estimation tool:SELENA. http://selena.sourceforge.net/selenamanual.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    NGDC (National Geophysical Data Center). 2016. Significant earthquake database. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/form?t=101650&s=1&d=1. Accessed Jul 2016.
    NYT (New York Times). 1990. 18 dead in quake in Eastern Sicily. New York Times, December 14. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/14/world/18-dead-in-quake-in-eastern-sicily.html. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Nichols, J.M., and J.E. Beavers. 2003. Development and calibration of an earthquake fatality function. Earthquake Spectra 19(3):605-633.
    Payany, M. 1983. The earthquake of 1909 according to the documents of the time (Le Séisme de 1909 d'après les documents de l'époque). Document technique A:Simulation du séisme provençal de 1909, Centre d'Etudes Techniques de l'Equipement d'Aix-en-Provence. http://observatoire-regional-risques-paca.fr/sites/default/files/biblio/SEI_EVT_1909_SEISME_DOSSIER_TECH_A.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016 (in French).
    Pittore, M., and M. Wieland. 2013. Toward a rapid probabilistic seismic vulnerability assessment using satellite and ground-based remote sensing. Natural Hazards 68(1):115-145.
    Protezione Civile. 2002. Molise earthquake 2002, Italy. http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/en/terremoto_molise_2002.wp. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Psycharis, I. 1978. The Salonica (Thessaloniki) earthquake of June 20, 1978. Caltech report EERL78-03. http://authors.library.caltech.edu/26430/1/7803.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    RMS (Risk Management Solutions). 2008. The 1908 Messina earthquake:100-year retrospective. Special report. http://forms2.rms.com/rs/729-DJX-565/images/eq_1908_messina_eq.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Riedel, I., P. Guéguen, M. Dalla Mura, E. Pathier, T. Leduc, and J. Chanussot. 2015. Seismic vulnerability assessment of urban environments in moderate-to-low seismic hazard regions using association rule learning and support vector machine methods. Natural Hazards 76(2):1111-1141.
    Riedel, I., P. Guéguen, F. Dunand, and S. Cottaz. 2014. Macro-scale vulnerability assessment of cities using association rule learning. Seismological Research Letters 85(2):295-305.
    Rothe, J.P. 1969. The seismicity of the Earth, 1953-1965. Paris:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0001/000145/014503mo.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Saito, K., and R. Spence. 2011. Mapping urban building stocks for vulnerability assessment-Preliminary results. International Journal of Digital Earth 4(Supplemental Issue 1):117-130.
    Samardjieva, E., and J. Badal. 2002. Estimation of the expected number of casualties caused by strong earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92(6):2310-2322.
    Samardjieva, E., and K. Oike. 1992. Modelling the number of casualties from earthquakes. Journal of Natural Disaster Science 14(1):17-28.
    Schumacher, I., and E. Strobl. 2011. Economic development and losses due to natural disasters:The role of hazard exposure. Ecological Economics 72:97-105.
    So, E., and R. Spence. 2013. Estimating shaking-induced casualties and building damage for global earthquake events:A proposed modelling approach. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 11(1):347-363.
    Storchak, D.A., D. Di Giacomo, I. Bondár, E.R. Engdahl, J. Harris, W.H.K. Lee, A. Villaseñor, and P. Bormann. 2013. Public release of the ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900-2009). Seismological Research Letters 84(5):810-815.
    Strauss, J. 1974. If you were the judge. Reading Eagle, April 1974. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19740414&id=LAQrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=x5cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6853,1396218&hl=en. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Turkish Red Crescent Society. 2006. 1999-Marmara earthquake case study. International disaster response law report. http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/93724/report-turkey.pdf. Accessed Jul 2016.
    US Geological Survey. 2016. Prompt assessment of global earthquakes for response. PAGER system. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/data/pager/. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Valcárcel, J.A., G.A. Bernal, and M.G. Mora. 2012. Lorca earthquake May 11 2011:A comparison between disaster figures and risk assessment outcomes. In Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 24-28 September, Lisboa, Portugal, 14075.http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_2371.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2017.
    WHO (World Health Organization). 2016. Global health observatory data:Urban population growth. http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/. Accessed Nov 2017.
    Whitehead, J., and A. Rose. 2009. Estimating environmental benefits of natural hazard mitigation with data transfer:Results from a benefit-cost analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency hazard mitigation grants. Mitigation Adaptive Strategy for Global Change 14(7):655-676.
    World Bank. 1994. Memorandum and recommendation of the president of the IBRD to the executive directors on a proposed loan in the amount equivalent to US$51.0 million to the Democratic and popular Republic of Algeria for an emergency reconstruction project. World Bank report No. P-6455-AL, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/217981468192267567/Algeria-Emergency-Reconstruction-Project. Accessed Jul 2016.
    World Bank. 2000. Algeria-Ain Temouchent Emergency Earthquake Recovery Project. World Bank report No. 20297-AL, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/961911468742560729/Algeria-Ain-Temouchent-Emergency-Earthquake-Recovery-Project. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Yanev, P.I. 1975. The Lice, Turkey, earthquake of September 6 (reconnaissance report), Technical communication. EERI newsletter 9:6B, URS/Blume San Francisco, California. https://caltech.tind.io/record/597790. Accessed Jul 2016.
    Yelles-Chaouche, A., H. Djellit, H. Beldjoudi, M. Bezzeghoud, and E. Buforn. 2004. The Ain Temouchent (Algeria) earthquake of December 22nd, 1999. Pure and Applied Geophysics 161(3):607-621.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索
    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (126) PDF downloads(0) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    Add: 19 XinjieKouwai Street, HaiDian District, Beijing 100875, China

    E-mail: ijdrs@bnu.edu.cn

    Tel: +86-10-58808661

    Copyright 2020 © Beijing Normal University

    Email alert RSS

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd  

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return