Volume 15 Issue 2
Apr.  2024
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Haorui Wu, Mandy Yung. “If I Do not Go to Work, They Will Die!” Dual Roles of Older-Adult Personal Support Workers’ Contributions During the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2024, 15(2): 226-238. doi: 10.1007/s13753-024-00553-x
Citation: Haorui Wu, Mandy Yung. “If I Do not Go to Work, They Will Die!” Dual Roles of Older-Adult Personal Support Workers’ Contributions During the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 2024, 15(2): 226-238. doi: 10.1007/s13753-024-00553-x

“If I Do not Go to Work, They Will Die!” Dual Roles of Older-Adult Personal Support Workers’ Contributions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

doi: 10.1007/s13753-024-00553-x
Funds:

This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), Insight Development Grants (Award # 430-2021-00352). This research was also undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs Program (Award # CRC-2020-00128).

  • Accepted Date: 2024-04-08
  • Available Online: 2024-10-26
  • Publish Date: 2024-04-16
  • When COVID-19 devastated older-adult organizations (long-term care homes and retirement homes), most public attention was directed toward the older-adult residents rather than their service providers. This was especially true in the case of personal support workers, some of whom are over the age of 55, putting them in two separate categories in the COVID-19 settings: (1) a vulnerable and marginalized group who are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19; and (2) essential healthcare workers. Since the current disaster-driven research, practice, and policy have primarily focused on generalized assumptions that older-adults are a vulnerable, passive, and dependent group rather than recognizing their diversity, expertise, assets, and experiences, this study aimed to identify their contributions from the perspective of older-adult personal support worker (OAPSW). This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews, inviting 15 OAPSWs from the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. This study uncovered the OAPSWs’ contribution at three levels: individual (enhancing physical health, mental health, and overall well-being), work (improving working environment and service and supporting co-workers), and family (protecting their nuclear and extended families). The outcomes inform the older-adult research, practice, policy, public discourse, and education by enhancing the appreciation of older-adults’ diverse strengths and promoting their engagement and contributions in disaster settings.
  • loading
  • [1]
    Adams, R., and H. Wu. 2020. Enhancing our healthcare heroes’ overall well-being: Balancing patient health, personal risk, and family responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Natural Hazards Center Grant Report Series, 316. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado Boulder. https://hazards.colorado.edu/quick-response-report/balancing-patient-health-personal-risk-and-family-responsibilities-during-the-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed 1 Apr 2024.
    [2]
    Aldrich, N., and W.F. Benson. 2008. Disaster preparedness and the chronic disease needs of vulnerable older adults. Preventing Chronic Disease 5(1): Article A27.
    [3]
    Allison, T.A., A. Oh, and K.L. Harrison. 2020. Extreme vulnerability of home care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic—A call to action. JAMA Internal Medicine 180(11): 1459-1460.
    [4]
    Barusch, A.S. 2011. Disaster, vulnerability, and older adults: Toward a social work response. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 54(4): 347-350.
    [5]
    Basa, J. 2022. Health care workers in need of mental health support amid pandemic burnout. CTV News, 24 January 2022.
    [6]
    Bender, A.E., K.A. Berg, E.K. Miller, K.E. Evans, and M.R. Holmes. 2021. “Making sure we are all okay”: Healthcare workers’ strategies for emotional connectedness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Social Work Journal 49: 445-455.
    [7]
    Brooke, J., and D. Jackson. 2020. Older people and COVID-19: Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of Clinical Nursing 29(13-14): 2044-2046.
    [8]
    Brophy, J.T., M.M. Keith, M. Hurley, and J.E. McArthur. 2021. Sacrificed: Ontario healthcare workers in the time of COVID-19. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 30(4): 267-281.
    [9]
    Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on long-term care in Canada: Focus on the first 6 months. Ottawa, ON: CIHI. https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/impact-covid-19-long-term-care-canada-first-6-months-report-en.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2024.
    [10]
    d’Entremont, Y. 2021. Researchers launching online survey to learn how pandemic is affecting grocery store workers. Halifax Examiner, 23 December 2021. https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/featured/researchers-launching-online-survey-to-learn-how-pandemic-is-affecting-grocery-store-workers/. Accessed 1 Apr 2024.
    [11]
    Doolittle, R., E. Anderssen, and L. Perreaux. 2020. In Canada’s coronavirus fight, front-line workers miss their families, fear the worst and hope they’re ready. The Globe and Mail, 4 April 2020.
    [12]
    Drolet, J., M. Alston, L. Dominelli, R. Ersing, G. Mathbor, and H. Wu. 2015. Women rebuilding lives post-disaster: Innovative community practices for building resilience and promoting sustainable development. Gender & Development 23(3): 433-448.
    [13]
    Hapsari, A.P., J.W. Ho, C. Meaney, L. Avery, N. Hassen, A. Jetha, A.M. Lay, and M. Rotondi et al. 2022. The working conditions for personal support workers in the Greater Toronto Area during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study. Canadian Journal of Public Health 113(6): 817-833.
    [14]
    Helou, M., N.E.I. Osta, and R. Husni. 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers’ families. World Journal of Clinical Cases 10(27): 9964-9966.
    [15]
    Hemmler, V.L., A.W. Kenne, S.D. Langley, C.M. Callahan, E.J. Gubbins, and S. Holder. 2020. Beyond a coefficient: An interactive process for achieving inter-rater consistency in qualitative coding. Qualitative Research 22(2): 194-219.
    [16]
    Hoernke, K., N. Djellouli, L. Andrews, S. Lewis-Jackson, L. Manby, S. Martin, S. Vanderslott, and C. Vindrola-Padros. 2021. Frontline healthcare workers’ experiences with personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: A rapid qualitative appraisal. BMJ Open 11(1): Article e046199.
    [17]
    Hou, C., and H. Wu. 2020. Rescuer, decision-maker, and breadwinner: Women’s predominant leadership across the post-Wenchuan Earthquake efforts in rural areas, Sichuan, China. Safety Science 125: 1-6.
    [18]
    Jia, F., and T. Krettenauer. 2022. Moral identity and acculturation process among Chinese Canadians: Three cultural comparisons. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 88: 125-132.
    [19]
    Kelly, C., and I.L. Bourgeault. 2015. The personal support worker program standard in Ontario: An alternative to self-regulation?. HealthCare Policy 11(2): 20-26.
    [20]
    King, E.C., K.A.P. Zagrodne, S.M. McKay, D.L. Holness, and K.A. Nichol. 2023. Determinants of nurse’s and personal support worker’s adherence to facial protective equipment in a community setting during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada: A pilot study. American Journal of Infection Control 51(5): 490-497.
    [21]
    Langmann, E. 2023. Vulnerability, ageism, and health: Is it helpful to label older adults as a vulnerable group in health care?. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 26(1): 133-142.
    [22]
    Lieberman, C. 2021. COVID-19: Retired health-care workers answer call to help on front lines. Global News, 19 March 2021.
    [23]
    McConnell, D. 2020. Balancing the duty to treat with the duty to family in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Ethics 46(6): 360-363.
    [24]
    Moye, J. 2022. Mental health in older adults during COVID: Creative approaches and adaptive coping. Clinical Gerontologist 45(1): 1-3.
    [25]
    Ng, R., and N. Indran. 2022. Reframing aging during COVID-19: Familial role-based framing of older adults linked to decreased ageism. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 70(1): 60-66.
    [26]
    Nguyen, L.H., D.A. Drew, M.S. Graham, A.D. Joshi, C.G. Guo, W. Ma, R.S. Mehta, and E. Warner et al. 2020. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: A prospective cohort study. The Lancet: Public Health 5(9): e475-e483.
    [27]
    Nizzer, S., N. Moreira, S. McKay, and E. King. 2022.Who meets home care workers’ emotional support needs? Toronto, ON: VHA. https://www.vha.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Moreira_WhoMeetsHomeCareWorkersEmotionalSupportNeeds_Abstract_Sept2022.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2024.
    [28]
    Palinkas, L.A., S.M. Horwitz, C.A. Green, J.P. Wisdom, N. Duan, and K. Hoagwood. 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services 42: 533-544.
    [29]
    Pappa, S., V. Ntella, T. Giannakas, V.G. Giannakoulis, E. Papoutsi, and P. Katsaounou. 2020. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 88: 901-907.
    [30]
    Pinto, A., A.P. Hapsari, J. Ho, C. Meaney, L. Avery, N. Hassen, A. Jetha, and A. Morgan Lay et al. 2022. Precarious work among personal support workers in the Greater Toronto Area: A respondent-driven sampling study. CMAJ Open 10(2): E527-E538.
    [31]
    Saldaña, J. 2009. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
    [32]
    Sinha, S.K., W.R. Spurlock, G.A. Allison, B. Earley, C. Taylor, E. Prendergast, J. Snelling, and J. Carmody et al. 2020. Closing the gaps: Advancing disaster preparedness, response and recovery for older adults. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Red Cross.
    [33]
    Slick, J., and H. Wu. 2022. The need to protect the most vulnerable: The COVID-19 crisis in long-term and residential care in Canada. In Countries in crisis: Collective cognition action and COVID-19, ed. M.L. Rhodes, and L. Comfort, 182-207. New York: Routledge.
    [34]
    Solly, K.N., and Y. Wells. 2020. How well have senior Australians been coping with the COVID-19 pandemic?. Australasian Journal on Ageing 39: 386-388.
    [35]
    United Nation. 2020. Policy brief: COVID-19 and the need for action on mental health. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-and-need-action-mental-health. Accessed 1 Apr 2024.
    [36]
    Vervaecke, D., and B.A. Meisner. 2021. Caremongering and assumptions of need: The spread of compassionate ageism during COVID-19. Gerontologist 61(2): 159-165.
    [37]
    White, E.M., T.F. Wetle, A. Reddy, and R.R. Baier. 2021. Front-line nursing home staff experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 22(1): 199-203.
    [38]
    World Health Organization. 2023. COVID-19: Vulnerable and high-risk groups. https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/high-risk-groups#:~:text=If%20you're%20at%20risk,to%20contact%20your%20health%20provider. Accessed 8 Oct 2023.
    [39]
    Wu, H. 2020. Airdropped urban condominiums and stay-behind elders’ overall well-being: 10-year lessons learned from the post-Wenchuan Earthquake rural recovery. Journal of Rural Studies 79: 24-33.
    [40]
    Wu, H., J. Karabanow, and T. Hoddinott. 2022. Building emergency response capacity: Social workers’ engagement in supporting homeless communities during COVID-19 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: Article 12713.
    [41]
    Wu, H., M. Perez-Lugo, C.O. García, F. Gonzalez, and A. Castillo. 2021. Empowered stakeholders: University female students’ leadership during the COVID-19-triggered on-campus evictions in Canada and the United States. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 12(4): 581-592.
    [42]
    Xia, Y., H. Ma, G. Moloney, H.A. Velásquez García, M. Sirski, N.Z. Janjua, D. Vickers, and T. Williamson et al. 2022. Geographic concentration of SARS-CoV-2 cases by social determinants of health in metropolitan areas in Canada: A cross-sectional study. CMAJ 194(6): E195-E204.
    [43]
    Young, J.C., D.C. Rose, H.S. Mumby, F. Benitez-Capistros, C.J. Derrick, T. Finch, C. Garcia, and C. Home et al. 2018. A methodological guide to using and reporting on interviews in conservation science research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9: 10-19.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (8) PDF downloads(0) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return